Category: SKELETAL SYSTEM

see malleolus

The hammer-shaped bony protrusions on the tibia (malleolus medialis) and fibula (malleolus lateralis), which are part of the upper ankle joint as a malleolus fork, are called malleolus.

Dynamic Compression Plate LC-DCP: Limited Contact – Dynamic Compression Plate. The dynamic compression plate is used like other osteosynthesis plates. Only the drill hole is constructed differently. The geometry of the screw head and plate hole in the DCP is such that a congruent fit is achieved even if the screw is at an angle …

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Total hip replacement implants are designed to help a patient get back as close as possible to the healthy, active lifestyle before hip pain limited the mobility.  Almost all hip replacement implants have consisted of a three-part system: A hip stem, usually made from such as titanium, which is implanted down the shaft of the …

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Locking Compression Plate Locking Compression Plate (LCP) Implants are taken for temporary fixation, correction or stabilization of bones in various anatomical regions. The plates come in different sizes and shapes according to the anatomy and the intended purpose. Screws are locked in the plate, and the physiological load (F) is transferred from the bone to …

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Universal Spine System

relating to the maxilla (upper jawbone) and the face. Maxillofacial surgery is a specialization of medicine and/or dentistry that focuses on problems around the mouth, jaw, midface and neck. Anatomical limits and skills differ country-to-country. In some countries doctors attend medical school, dental school and than an additional residency. In other countries they attend either …

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Dynamic Condylar Sliding System

Dynamic Trochanteric Sliding System

Neurovascular Anticipating Distraction Interference Arthrodesis Bridging the sacroiliac joint from posterior to eliminate neurovascular risks, which could happen with laterally-based techniques. (Ilion Medical)

Dynamic Condylar System or Dynamic Condylar Screw The DCS Screw is designed to provide strong and stable internal fixation of certain distal femoral and subtrochanteric fractures, with minimal soft tissue irritation.

 Locking Trochanter Stabilizing Plate

Dynamic Hip System (Screw) Dynamic hip screws are a femoral head-sparing orthopedic device used to treat femoral neck fractures. DHS Procedure is done for patients with either a Non-Displaced or Minimally-Displaced Intertrochanteric (between the greater & lesser trochanter) hip fracture.

eXtreme lateral lumbar intervertebral fusion The XLIF (eXtreme Lateral Interbody Fusion) is an approach to spinal fusion in which the surgeon accesses the intervertebral disc space and fuses the lumbar spine (low back) using a surgical approach from the side (lateral) rather than from the front (anterior) or the back (posterior). The XLIF is one …

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Arthrodesis (also artificial ankylosis or syndesis), is the artificial induction of joint ossification between two bones by surgery. This is done to relieve intractable pain in a joint which cannot be managed otherwise. It is most commonly performed on joints in the spine, hand, ankle, and foot.

ACI (Autologous chondrocyte implantation) repairs articular cartilage. It works in three stages: 1. Arthroscopically sampling of 200 to 300 mg cartilage. 2. Isolated chondrocytes are grown in vitro for about four to six weeks. 3. Chondrocytes are applied in a second intervention on the damaged area. The autologous cells should adapt themselves to their new …

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Biphosphonates

The excavation of tissue to form a shallow shelving depression, usually performed to facilitate drainage from infected areas of bone. The shallow saucer-like depression on the upper surface of a vertebra that has suffered a compression fracture. Dental: Pericervical depression around an dental implants neck.

see: bone expansion

Technique for clinical measurement of implant stability/mobility in bone. The measurement is registered from a transducer attached to the implant. The device records the resonance frequency arising from the implant-bone interface (change in amplitude over induced frequency band) Acro.: RFA

Syn.: Reverse torque value Measure of the rotational force needed to rupture the bone-implant interface of a screw- or pin-form implant in bone.

Gradual increase in the application of load on an implant.

Energy transferred to a screw when a torque is applied during tightening.

The linear surface of an implant in direct contact with the bone, expressed as percentage of the total implant surface.

Graft consisting of particles.

An undifferentiated cell that possesses the ability to transform into a bone forming cell.

An osteoblast that has become embedded within the bone matrix, occupying a flat oval cavity (bone lacuna). Cells found in bone lacunae send, through canaliculi, slender cytoplasmic processes that make contact with processes of other osteocytes.

Large multinucleated cell, arising from mononuclear precursor of the hematopoietic lineage, that functions in the breakdown and resorption of osseous tissue.

A fully differentiated cell that originates in the embryonic mesenchyme and, during the early development of the skeleton, functions in the formation of bone tissue. Osteoblasts synthesize the collagen and glycoproteins that form the bone matrix, and also produce inorganic salts. With growth, they develop into osteocytes.

Augmentation by placing autogenous bone and/or a bone replacement graft on or over bone to increase length and/or width.

HU A unit of y-ray attenuation used for CT-scans as a measurement of bone density. Each pixel is assigned a value on a scale on which air is -1000, water 0, and compact bone +1000. In dentistry exists a proposal to use bone density as a determinant for clinical success (Misch CE, Contemporary Implant Dentistry, …

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Round-shaped drill used to mark the site of an osteotomy by making an initial entry into cortical bone.

State of retention of an implant at the time of insertion that results from slight compression of the osteotomy walls by the implant body. Components retained to an implant by friction.

Screw used for the stabilization of a block graft, bone substitue or a barrier membrane.

Layer of fibrous connective tissue between the implant and surrounding bone.

Refers to the time of applying force on an implant after initial placement. This term mostly is used in oral surgery/dental implantology. The prosthesis is brought in function earlier than the conventional healing period. Early loading may be applied, if preconditions are good or optimally.

see: Distraction device

Refers to: Distraction osteogenesis The final direction and magnitude of traction forces during distraction osteogenesis.

Refers to: Distraction osteogenesis Biological and biomechanical variables that affect the quality and quantity of bone formed during distraction osteogenesis.

Refers to: Distraction osteogenesis The number of increments per day into which the rate of distraction osteogenesis is divided.

Refers to: Distraction osteogenesis The sequence and duration of events during distraction osteogenesis.

Refers to: Distraction osteogenesis The total amount of distraction performed per day

see: Distraction osteogenesis

see: Distraction osteogenesis

see: Distraction osteogenesis

An appliance that allows gradual incremental movement of bone segments away from each other (distraction osteogenesis).

A gradual process of bone healing from the edge of an osteotomy toward an implant. Bone does not grow directly on the implant surface, some tissue is in between. see: Contact osteogenesis

Freeze-dried bone allograft Bone harvested from donor cadavers, washed, immersed in ethanol, frozen in nitrogen, freeze-dried and ground to similar particles ranging from 250 to 750μm. It acts primarily through an osteoconductive process, as inductive proteins, often found in only minute quantities, are only released after the resorption of the mineral.

Perforation or removal of the cortical bone to induce bleeding and release of bone forming cells from the marrow. This usually is done before placing a bone or bone substitute implant on this site.

Surgical technique in which only the bony cortex is surgically cut.

A bone harvested from the facial aspect of the symphyseal area of the mandible, between the mental foramina, apical to roots of teeth.

Bone graft harvested from the superior portion of the cranium. It is most frequently taken from the parietal region, generally on the right side (nondominant hemisphere) behind the coronal suture and approximately 3 cm lateral to the sagittal suture.

The tissue that forms between and around fractured bone segments to maintain structural integrity and facilitate bone regeneration.

Calcium sulfate (or calcium sulphate) is the inorganic compound with the formula CaSO4 and related hydrates. One particular hydrate is better known as plaster of Paris, and another occurs naturally as the mineral gypsum. All forms are white solids that are poorly soluble in water. Calcium sulfate causes permanent hardness in water. Mixed with polymers, …

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Bone to implant contact Direct contact of bone with an implant surface at the light microscope level.

Alloplastic material used for bone grafting.

A qualitative assessment of bone based on its density.

Soft spongy tissue found in the center of bone that contains fat and/or hematopoietic tissues.

A surgical procedure performed to establish additional bone volume, using autogenous bone.

Surgical widening of bone to augment its volume. In oral implantology also: Ridge expansion (or splitting) to widen the residual ridge.

Force attempting to disengage parts joined by a screw.

A flexible titanium grid used in bone augmentation procedures to assist in maintaining a predetermined volume for bone regeneration or fixation.

Any surgical procedure in which bone is transected or cut.

Syn.: Osteodistraction, callus distraction, callotasis. Formation of new bone between vascular bone surfaces created by an osteotomy and separated by gradual and controlled distraction. It is used in orthopedic surgery, podiatric surgery, and oral and maxillofacial surgery. Originally used to treat problems like unequal leg length, it now is used for the treatment of issues …

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Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation

Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation A technique for the treatment of large isolated cartilage defects. A small sample of cartilage is harvested from a non-weight-bearing part of the joint during arthroscopy. In a laboratory the chondrocytes are dissolved away of the tissue composite and multiplied in culture dishes. After a cultivation period of 3 to 4 weeks …

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AMIC® (Autologous Matrix-Induced Chondrogenesis) is a single step, cost efficient and effective technique for treating traumatic cartilage defects. Chondro-Gide® offers a protective environment for cell differentiation and the formation of new cartilage.

Patello-Femoral-Replacement

Direct Vertebral Rotation

Intramedullary means “located within the medulla” and refers to the bone marrow (medulla ossium).

High Tibial Osteotomy

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Occipito-cervico-thoracic

Anchor Peg Glenoid

Carpometacarpal Joint

Metacarpophalangeal joint

Distal Radioulnar Joint

Degenerative Disc Disease (source: Axiomed LLC)

The term refers to the direct structural and functional connection between living bone and the surface of a load-bearing (Albrektsson et al. in 1981) artificial implant. A more recent definition (by Schroeder et al.) defines osseointegration as “functional ankylosis (bone adherence)”, where new bone is laid down directly on the implant surface and the implant …

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Osteolysis is an active resorption of bone matrix by osteoclasts. Although osteoclasts are active during the natural formation of healthy bone the term “osteolysis” specifically refers to a pathological process. Osteolysis may occur around implants by inflammation, immunological response, tumors, cysts or changes in the bone’s structural load.

Posterior Cruciate Ligament

A posterior stabilized knee implant replaces the PCL with a cam and post design of the knee replacement that ensures femoral rollback. The advocates of the PS knee design claim more predictable knee ligament balancing and more predictable flexion. The opposition of PS knee designs claim the cam and post design causes additional polyethylene wear, …

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A cruciate retaining knee implant leaves an intact posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in the back of the knee to help with knee flexion and ligament tension. The advocates of the CR knee design claim less bone removal from the femur, easier femoral component revision, and tighter ligaments in the back of the knee. The opponents …

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= interbody (in spine)

Minimally Invasive Spine (port system or access)

Anterior Lumbar Plate (for spine)

Bone-patellar tendon-bone (allograft)

Osteochondral

Vertebral Body Replacement (in spine)

Interbody Fusion Device (in spine)

Vertical Compression Fracture (Spine)

Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion

Posterior Cervical Fusion The PCF technique joins the bones in the back of the cervical spine together.

Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion

Minimally Invasive Surgery

Lateral Lumbal Interbody Fusion

Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion ALIF is a procedure where surgeons work on the lower spine from the front and fuse one or more vertebrae together.

Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion is cervical spine surgery from the front of the neck that addresses spinal symptoms.

joint

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins are osteogenous and osteoinductive, as they induce differentiation of tissues. They induce bone building in every tissue.

Osteopromotion involves the enhancement of osteoinduction without the possession of osteoinductive properties. For example, enamel matrix derivative has been shown to enhance the osteoinductive effect of demineralized freeze dried bone allograft (DFDBA), but will not stimulate new bone growth alone.

Osteoinduction involves the stimulation of osteoprogenitor cells to differentiate into osteoblasts that then begin new bone formation. The most widely studied type of osteoinductive cell mediators are bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs).  

Osteoconduction occurs when the bone graft material serves as a scaffold for new bone growth that is perpetuated by the native bone. Osteoblasts from the margin of the defect that is being grafted utilize the bone graft material as a framework upon which to spread and generate new bone. In the very least, a bone …

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Platelet-rich-Plasma

De novo production of bone out of pluripotent reserve cells (stem cells), they are present in perivascular tissue and bone and they may activated through morphogene factors. Osteoinductive substances must lead to an ektope bone building at an extraskeletal place.

surface-decalcified allogeneic bone

demineralized perforated bone matrix

demineralized freeze-dried bone

Demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft Collagen (mainly type I) remaining following the demineralization of freeze-dried bone allograft (FDBA).

demineralized bone powder

Demineralized bone matrix A composite of collagenous and noncollagenous proteins and bone growth factors remaining after the extraction of minerals from the bone by a chemical process.

demineralized bone graft

demineralized bone

allogenic bone matrix

Guided tissue regeneration. A dental surgical procedure using barrier membranes to direct the growth of new tissue.

GTR The formation of a new tissue, including bone, under the guidance of a biomaterial, impermeable to cellular migration.

GBR is the reformation of bone. This may be induced within a bony structure by a packing material or in excess on the surface of a bony structure by tissue augmentation. A dental surgical procedure using barrier membranes to direct the growth of new bone at sites with insufficient volumes or dimensions of bone, usually …

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Guided bone regeneration Bone regenerative technique that uses physical means (e. g. membranes) to seal off an anatomic site where bone is to be regenerated. The goal is to direct bone formation and prevent other tissues (e. g. connective tissue) from interfering with osteogenesis.  

The tibia, the shin bone, is the second longest bone in the human skeleton and together with the thinner fibula forms the lower part of the leg.